Перегляд за Автор "Lukianets, V.S."

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International Competition Law Enforcement: general approach
(Університет "КРОК", 2014) Lukianets, V.S.; Лук'янець-Шахова, Валентина Станіславівна
The article researches the general trends in International Competition Law Enforcement. The main attention was payed to the comparative characteristic of bilateral, regional (the European Union) and international levels of the c
International institutions in providing fair competition
(Університет «КРОК», 2019) Lukianets, V.S.; Лук'янець-Шахова, Валентина Станіславівна
This paper seeks to provide a balanced discussion of the issues involved in the conclusion of a framework agreement on competition within the WTO. It argues that the issue is not whether there should be international rules on competition, but what role the WTO should play. The paper shows that bilateral, regional and plurilateral provisions on competition policy are effectively shaping the current agenda and will most likely fi ll any vacuum left should no agreement on competition be reached in the WTO. The current proposals for a framework agreement on competition are found to be relatively modest. They would not require extensive harmonisa-tion of national policies. Obligations on core principles such as transparency, non-discrimination and co-operation seem likely to be limited to the legal (de jure) measures establishing national competition regimes and not extended to ( de facto) implementation of policies, which would be more controversial and costly. Whilst there are likely to requirements to introduce national com-petition regimes and substantive obligations on so called hard-core cartels, there is also a broad measure of support for the fl exible application of WTO disciplines. This fl exibility should limit the obligations and costs imposed on developing countries, at least for the foreseeable future, should competition be included on the WTO agenda. The aim of this paper is to provide a balanced as-sessment of the issues involved in the current policy debate on the inclusion of competition policy provisions in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The paper discusses the context within which the current debate is taking place. It points out, in particular, that there are already elements of competition policy in a range of WTO agreements. Perhaps more importantly, a growing number of bilateral, regional and plurilateral agreements now address the topic. In other words the topic of international co-operation in competition policy is already on the trade agenda
«Soft-law» in providing of fair competition
(Університет «КРОК», 2019) Lukianets, V.S.; Лук'янець-Шахова, Валентина Станіславівна
The goal of the current article is to delineate national judicial responses to Com-mission-issued competition soft law within two EU jurisdictions – the UK and the Netherlands. A comparative methodology is adopted and, in terms of theory, several hypotheses of possible judicial attitudes to soft law are established. In broad terms, it is ventured that courts can either recognize (agreement, disagreement, persuasion) or refuse to recognize (neglect, rejection) supranational soft law in their judicial discourse. While acknowledging that judicial refusal for recognition is a natural judicial response to legally non-binding instruments, the paper argues that competition soft law could and should become recognized by national courts of law because that would contribute positively to the enforcement system’s goals of consistency and the concomitant legal certainty and uniform application. The empirical picture that transpires, however, reveals a varied recognition landscape that could well pose challenges for consistent enforcement. The EU competition enforce-ment regime underwent quite some changes in both its substantive and procedural workings when Regulation 1/2003 – the ‘Modernization’ Regulation – entered into force on May 1st 2004. The procedural decentralization and the change in the logic of substantive enforcement the Regula-tion introduced created challenges for the new system, especially in light of the general principle of legal certainty. Mindful of possible (and plausible) enforcement inconsistencies, the European Commission maintained that certainty is going to be well served by the already existing and well-developed competition case law of the CJEU, the Commission’s own decisional practice, and, last but not least, its soft law guidance in the forms of guidelines, notices, communications, etc. It is these latter instruments and their value for steering judicial discourse in EU Member States that the current paper is interested in